25^th Global Nephrology, Urology and Kidney Failure Congress September 19-20, 2024 Paris, France

The investigation of pediatric nephrology decides determination and supervision of babies with perpetual and intense kidney issue. The division of pediatric nephrology surveys and treats hypertension, hematuria, proteinuria, renal tubular acidosis, glomerulonephritis and kidney harm in youngsters. It similarly incorporate finish care to pediatric patients with end organize kidney disorders, including thought to patients facing peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis and kidney transplantation in infants. Pediatric nephrology is a specialized field of medicine focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of kidney and urinary tract disorders in children. Pediatric nephrologists deal with a wide range of conditions, from congenital abnormalities and genetic disorders to acquired kidney diseases and acute or chronic renal failure.Chronic kidney disease in children can arise from congenital conditions, genetic disorders, or long-term complications of acute kidney injuries. Management of CKD involves regular monitoring, medication, dietary modifications, and sometimes dialysis or kidney transplantation. For children with end-stage renal disease, dialysis is a critical life-sustaining treatment. Pediatric nephrologists oversee both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, tailoring the approach to the needs of each child.

Clinical Nephrology is the sub claim to fame of medicine that deals with the analysis of the working of the familiar kidney, issues in kidney functioning , treatment of the disparity from the norm in kidney functioning, renal transplantation and in addition kidney transplant techniques. Clinical nephrology is a specialized branch of internal medicine that deals with the study of normal kidney function, kidney problems, the treatment of kidney diseases, and renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation). The kidney is a vital organ with complex functions, including the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid-base balance, and regulation of blood pressure. They serve the body as a natural filter of the blood, and remove wastes which are diverted to the urinary bladder. In producing urine, the kidneys excrete wastes such as urea and ammonium; they are also responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids, Clinical nephrology is a specialized field within internal medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. The kidneys play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis, including the regulation of electrolytes, blood pressure, and waste elimination. Nephrologists are trained to address a variety of conditions that affect kidney function, from acute kidney injuries to chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or transplantation.

Dialysis works on the objective of the dispersion of solutes and ultrafiltration of liquid over a semi-penetrable layer. Diffusion is a property of substances in water substances in water have a habit of to move from a territory of high fixation to a range of low focus. The two primary types of dialysis, Hemodialysis and Peritoneal dialysis eliminates wastes and water from the blood in numerous ways. Hemodialysis removes waste water by rotating blood outside the body through an external filter called a dialyzer that contains a semipermeable layer.

Kidney transplantation or renal transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with an end organise kidney diseases. Kidney transplantation is commonly named extinct donor known as cadaveric or living donor transplantation be depensnet on the wellspring of the giver organ. Living donor kidney transplants are formerly differentiated as non-related living transplants or, living associated transplants contingent upon whether a biological relationship occurs between the kidney donor and kidney recipient. Exchanges and chains are an innovative way to deal with nurtures the living donor pool.

Diet and nutrition both play an important role for appropriate living and making a kidney function properly. If the functioning of kidney will obstruct due to some disease, it will also distress the nutrition intake of an individual. The major components which slow down the progress of chronic kidney diseases include reduced level of sodium intake, which will help in controlling blood pressure and managing diabetes. Renal nutrition, also known as kidney nutrition, focuses on dietary strategies designed to support kidney function, manage symptoms, and improve overall health in individuals with kidney disease. Proper nutrition plays a crucial role in managing chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease, and other renal conditions. Tailoring the diet according to the stage of kidney disease and individual needs can help slow disease progression, manage complications, and improve the quality of life for patients. Renal nutrition is a critical aspect of managing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other kidney-related disorders. Proper dietary management can slow the progression of CKD, alleviate symptoms, and improve the overall quality of life for patients. Renal nutrition involves understanding the specific dietary needs of individuals with kidney disease, the role of nutrients and minerals, and how to tailor dietary plans to meet these needs.

Nephrology nurses use the nursing process to care for patients of all ages who are undergoing, or are at risk for, kidney disease, Nephrology nursing involves both an inhibiting disease and an assessing the health needs of patients and families. Care spans the life cycle and involves patients who are facing the real or threatened impact of acute or chronic kidney disease; therefore nephrology nurses must be well-educated, highly skilled, and motivated.

Other opportunities in nephrology nursing include:

1. Education
2. Management
3. Research
4. Case management
5. Advanced practice nursing
6. Corporate/government
7. Pediatric nephrology

Kidney disease, or renal disease, also known as nephropathy, is am imparement to or disease of a kidney. Nephritis is an inciting kidney disease and has several types according to the location of the inflammation. Inflammation can be diagnosed by blood tests. Nephrosis is non-inflammatory kidney disease. Nephritis and nephrosis can give intensification to nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome respectively. Kidney disease habitually causes a loss of kidney function to some degree and can result in kidney failure, the complete loss of kidney function.

1. Acute Kidney Injury (or) Disease

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an unanticipated occurrence of kidney failure or kidney damage that follows within a few hours or a few days. AKI causes a build-up of waste yields in your blood and makes it tough for your kidneys to possess the right balance of fluid in your body.

2. Chronic Kidney Diseases

End-stage renal disease also termed as chronic kidney diseases (CKD) an encompass conditions that impairment kidneys and weaken their ability to keep you hygienic by abnormal function. On condition kidney disease develops an inferior; wastes can accumulate to high levels in your blood and make you feel unpleasant. You may develop problems like anemia, high blood pressure, weak bones, nerve damage and poor dietary health.

High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the prime causes of diabetic kidney disease and kidney failure. When blood pressure is high, there is a large amount of strain inside the blood vessels that leads to impairment. These vessels may close off absolutely which can cause a heart attack, stroke, or kidney failure. High blood sugar and high cholesterol can also damage blood vessels. Thus people with diabetes who also have hypertension are at exclusively high risk for blood vessel damage. It usually takes years for blood vessels to uuterly close off and damage to blood vessels can be slowed down or reversed with treatment.

Chronic kidney disease prompts the risk of death from cardiovascular disease. Coronary disease result for more than half of all deaths among individuals with CKD (Chronic kidney diseases).  Indeed, even early or mellow renal disorder puts a man at higher danger of heart ailments and heart attacks and also heart disease-related death. Kidney dialysis patients who also have cardiovascular disease are died 10 to 30 times more than in the over-all cardiovascular patients. Diabetes and hypertension are major risk causes for heart disease and chronic kidney disease. Kidney disease (acute kidney disease or chronic kidney disease) can persuade the risk of cardiovascular ill, even with hypertension, high cholesterol and concurrent diabetes. Contemporary researches show that kidney diseases (renal diseases) induce heart disease, even before the kidneys are impaired to the point of requiring dialysis or transplantation.

A branch of medicine which deals with the study of typical kidney function, kidney problems & their treatment, it also encompasses renal replacement therapies,Acute kidney failure: Dysfunction of the kidneys to filter the waste from the blood. Decreased urinary output, swelling due to urinary retention, nausea, shortness of breath is some of the symptoms. Acute tubular necrosis was expiry of the tubular epithelial of the renal tubules in the kidneys. An ingestion of nephrotoxic drugs & low blood pressure are the common causes, Every nephrologist has an usual extensive training in general internal medicine, and many nephrologists will treat their patients for other things also  kidney problems. It’s important that patients express their kidney doctors if they notice any deviations in their health.

The urinary and regenerative tracts are solidly associated, and clutters of one oftentimes impact the other. Along these lines, a range scope of the conditions regulated in urology exists under the region of genitourinary issue. Urology combines the organization of remedial and it is nonsurgical conditions, for example, urinary tract pollutions and altruistic prostatic hyperplasia, with the association of careful conditions. Models: Bladder or prostate tumour, kidney stones, hereditary changes, kidney harm, and stress incontinence.

• Clinical Urology
• Uremia
• Reconstructive Urology
• Urethral Cancer
• Pediatric Urology & Female Urology
• Bladder Cancer

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection concerning the kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra. An infection can occur in either the upper or lower urinary tract. As a rule, the higher up the infection, the more thoughtful it is. Further common in adults than children, urinary tract infections are second only to respiratory infections as the most common type of infection. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections that affect the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections typically occur when bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli) from the digestive tract, enter the urinary tract through the urethra and multiply in the bladder. UTIs can range in severity from mild, uncomplicated cases to more serious infections that involve the kidneys or bloodstream.

Our body contains a drainage system which is used to remove urine. The major composition of urine is wastes and water. The urinary track consists of kidneys, ureters, and bladders. In the process of normal urination, the urinary tract needs to work together in the systematic order. Urological diseases or conditions comprises of urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder control problems, and prostate problems, among others. The period of existence of certain urologic conditions is short span whereas the others are long-lasting. Urologic diseases encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the urinary tract system and male reproductive organs. These diseases can vary in severity and may include infections, structural abnormalities, functional disorders, and malignancies. Common urologic diseases include urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and urologic cancers such as prostate, bladder, kidney, and testicular cancer. Urinary tract infections are among the most prevalent urologic diseases, affecting millions of individuals worldwide each year. These infections can occur in any part of the urinary tract, including the bladder (cystitis), urethra (urethritis), and kidneys (pyelonephritis), and are often caused by bacteria entering the urinary system. Symptoms may include frequent urination, painful urination, and lower abdominal discomfort.

Epidemic proportions have been reached in Kidney disease due to an increase in diabetes, hypertensive disease, and obesity. Urologic diseases include prostate cancer, the second-leading cause of cancer-related death in men. The urinary and reproductive tracts are closely linked, and disorders of one often affect the other. One of the primary concerns addressed in kidney urology is kidney stones, which are solid crystalline deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause severe pain and urinary obstruction. Urologists specializing in kidney urology are skilled in diagnosing kidney stones through imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scans, and intravenous pyelography. Treatment options for kidney stones may include conservative measures such as increased fluid intake and pain management, as well as minimally invasive procedures like shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy to remove or break up stones. Another important aspect of kidney urology is the management of kidney cancer, which can originate in the renal parenchyma or renal pelvis. Urologists are trained in performing surgical procedures such as partial or radical nephrectomy to remove cancerous tumors while preserving kidney function whenever possible. Additionally, kidney urologists collaborate closely with oncologists and radiologists to develop comprehensive treatment plans that may include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy for advanced cases of kidney cancer.

Pediatric Urology is a surgical subspecialty majorly focuses on the management of genital and urinary problems that occur in children thereby comprising of the special emphasis on developmental problems which affects the kidneys, bladder, urethra or genital tract. Pediatric urology is a specialized branch of medicine dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of urinary tract and genital problems in children, from infancy through adolescence. This field encompasses a wide range of conditions, including congenital anomalies, urinary tract infections, voiding dysfunction, and urological cancers. Pediatric urologists possess specialized training and expertise in addressing the unique anatomical, physiological, and emotional needs of pediatric patients, ensuring comprehensive and compassionate care. Pediatric urologists often work closely with other specialists, including pediatric nephrologists, pediatricians, neonatologists, and geneticists, to provide comprehensive care for children with urological conditions. Collaboration with pediatric anesthesia and nursing teams is also essential to ensure the safety and comfort of pediatric patients undergoing surgical procedures. Additionally, pediatric urologists play a vital role in educating patients and families about their conditions, treatment options, and long-term management strategies, empowering them to make informed decisions about their care.

Glomerular disease reduces the ability of the kidneys to sustain a endure of certain substances in bloodstream. Generally, the kidneys should filter toxins out of the bloodstream and emanate them in the urine, but should keep red blood cells and protein in the bloodstream. In individuals with glomerular disease, red blood cells and protein might be expelled into the urine,a fundamental medical condition that upsets other organ systems, such as lupus nephritis, diabetes, or certain infections. Glomerular disease can improve swiftly or develop gradually over a period of years. Treatment of glomerular disease depends upon its cause and type.

1. Acute Glomerulonephritis
2. Anti-glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
3. Chronic Glomerulonephritis
4. Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis
5. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
6. Glomerulonephritis Associated with Non-streptococcal Infection
7. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
8. Membranous Glomerulonephritis
9. Minimal-Change Disease
10. Nephrotic Syndrome
11. Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
12. Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

Tubulointerstitial diseases are clinically diverse conditions that share similar features of tubular and interstitial injury. In severe and sustained cases, the entire kidney may turn out to be involved, with glomerular dysfunction and even renal failure. The prime categories of tubulointerstitial disease are

1. Acute tubular necrosis
2. Acute or chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
3. Contrast nephropathy is acute tubular necrosis caused by an iodinated radiocontrast agent.
4. Analgesic nephropathy is a type of chronic interstitial nephritis, and reflux nephropathy and myeloma kidney can involve chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis.
5. Tubulointerstitial disorders can also result from metabolic disturbances and exposure to toxins

Some kidney diseases result from genetic factors. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD), for example, is a genetic disorder in which many cysts grow in the kidneys. PKD cysts can slowly switch much. Some kidney complications may show up even before birth. Examples contain autosomal receding PKD, a rare form of PKD, and other developing problems that interfere with the normal formation of the nephrons. The signs of kidney disease in children vary. A child may grow remarkably slowly, may vomit frequently, or may have back or side pain.

1. Alport Syndrome
2. Bartter Syndrome
3. Cystic Diseases of the Kidney
4. Horseshoe Kidney
5. Medullary Sponge Kidney
6. Megaureter and Other Congenital Ureteral Anomalies

Renal pathology is a subspecialty of anatomic pathology that compacts with the diagnosis and classification of medical diseases (non-tumor) of the kidneys. In the theoretical setting, renal pathologists work closely with nephrologists and transplant surgeons, who typically obtain diagnostic specimens via percutaneous renal biopsy. The renal pathologist must synthesize outcomes from light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence to obtain a conclusive diagnosis. Medical renal diseases may affect the glomerulus, the tubules and interstitial, the vessels, or a combination of these compartments. Kidney biopsies (renal biopsy) permit us to analyse renal disorders; review anticipations; help in the resolve of a precise remedial approach; and screen ailment movement in both local and allograft transplant kidneys. To outstandingly misuse renal biopsy examples, a blend of light, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy is used. Each microscopy requires distinctive approaches for fixation and preparing, so each renal biopsy centres are universally separated into three sections. Liable upon the length of the biopsy centre or suspected illness process; in any case, the strategy for partitioning the biopsy centre might be altered.

Nephrological treatment consists of Steroid medications, blood products, dialysis and plasma exchange. Kidney complications can have significant impact on quality and length of life, and so psychological support, health education and advanced care planning play key roles in nephrology.

1. Nephrolithotripsy
2. Extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
3. Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists (Beta-Blockers)
4. Diuretics
5. Vasodilator Drugs
6. Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists (Alpha-Blockers)
7. Calcium-Channel Blockers
8. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors

Hypertension is generally basic among patients experiencing ceaseless kidney infection (CKD) and diabetes mellitus. Hypertension is transcendent in many people with diabetic kidney malady (DKD). Inability to treat hypertension suitably in this sub-gathering of patients brings about a more serious danger of cardiovascular high blood glucose, additionally called glucose, can harm the veins in the kidneys. At the point when the veins get harmed, they don't work appropriately such a significant number of individuals with diabetes grow hypertension, which can harm kidneys. Diabetic kidney sickness is characterized as macro albuminuria (egg whites to keratinise proportion [ACR] >35 mg/moll [400 mg/g]), or micro albuminuria (ACR 3.5-35.0 mg/mmol [35-400 mg/g]) related with retinopathy (type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes) as well as >11 years' length of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). In many patients with diabetes, incessant kidney ailment can be owing to diabetes mellitus if these criteria are met. Different reasons for diabetic kidney illnesses ought to be considered within the sight of any of the accompanying conditions: quickly diminishing GFR, nonappearance of diabetic retinopathy, nearness of dynamic urinary dregs, or signs or side effects of another foundational malady.